History of the Inca Empire

The Inca Empire was the largest prehispanic society of South America when it was discovered by the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century AD. At its height, the Inca empire controlled all of the western part of the South American continent between Ecuador and Chile. The Inca capital was at Cusco, Peru, and the Inca legends claimed they were descended from the great Tiwanaku civilization at Lake Titicaca. Origins Archaeologist Gordon McEwan has built an extensive study of archaeological, ethnographic, and historical sources of information on the Inca origins. Based on that, he believes that the Inca arose from the remnants of the Wari Empire based at the site of Chokepukio, a regional center built about AD 1000. An influx of refugees from Tiwanaku arrived there from the Lake Titicaca region about AD 1100. McEwan argues that Chokepukio may be the town of Tambo Tocco, reported in Inca legends as the originating town of the Inca and that Cusco was founded from that city. See his 2006 book, The Incas: New Perspectives for more detail on this interesting study. In a 2008 article, Alan Covey argued that although the Inca arose from the Wari and Tiwanaku state roots, they succeeded as an empire—compared to the contemporary Chimà º State,  because the Inca adapted to regional environments and with local ideologies. The Inca began their expansion from Cusco about 1250 AD or so, and before the conquest in 1532 they controlled a linear stretch of some 4,000 kilometers, including nearly one million square kilometers in area and over 100 different societies in coastal regions, pampas, mountains, and forests. Estimates for the total population under Incan control range between six and nine million persons. Their empire included land in what are the modern countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Architecture and Economics To control such a huge area, the Incas built roads, including both mountainous and coastal routes. One existing fragment of the road between Cusco and the palace of Machu Picchu is called the Inca Trail. The amount of control exercised by Cusco over the rest of the empire varied from place to place, as might be expected for such a huge empire. Tribute paid to the Inca rulers came from farmers of cotton, potatoes, and maize, herders of alpacas and llamas, and craft specialists who made polychrome pottery, brewed beer from maize (called chicha), wove fine wool tapestries  and made wooden, stone, and gold, silver and copper objects. The Inca were organized along a complex hierarchical and hereditary lineage system called the ayllu system. Ayllus ranged in size from a few hundred to tens of thousands of people, and they governed access to such things as land, political roles, marriage, and ritual ceremonies. Among other important duties, ayllus took maintenance and ceremonial roles involving the preservation and care of honored mummies of the ancestors of their communities. The only written records about the Inca that we can read today are documents from the Spanish conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro. Records were kept by the Inca in the form of knotted strings called quipu (also spelled khipu or quipo). The Spanish reported that historical records—particularly the deeds of the rulers—were sung, chanted, and painted on wooden tablets as well. Timeline and Kinglist The Inca word for ruler was capac, or capa, and the next ruler was chosen both by heredity and by marriage lines. All of the capacs were said to be descended from the legendary Ayar siblings (four boys and four girls) who emerged from the cave of Pacaritambo. The first Inca capac,  the Ayar sibling Manco Capac, married one of his sisters and founded  Cusco. The ruler at the height of the empire was Inca Yupanqui, who renamed himself Pachacuti (Cataclysm) and ruled between AD 1438-1471. Most scholarly reports list the date of the Inca empire as beginning with Pachacutis rule. High-status women were called coya and how well you could succeed in life depended to a degree on the genealogical claims of both your mother and father. In some cases, this led to sibling marriage, because the strongest connection you could have would be if you were the child of two descendants of Manco Capac. The dynastic king list which follows was reported by the Spanish chroniclers such as  Bernabà © Cobo  from oral history reports and, to a degree, it is somewhat under debate. Some scholars believe that there was actually a dual kingship, each king ruling half of Cusco; this is a minority viewpoint. Calendrical dates for the reigns of the various kings were established by Spanish chroniclers based on oral histories, but they are clearly miscalculated and so are not included here (some reigns supposedly lasted over 100 years). Dates included below are those for  capacs  that were personally remembered by the Inca informants to the Spanish. Kings Manco Capac (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo) ca. AD 1200 (founded  Cusco)Sinchà ­ Roca (principal wife Manco Sapaca)Lloque Ypanqui (p.w. Mama Cora)Mayta Capac (p.w. Mama Tacucaray)Capac YupanquiInca RocaYahuar HuacacViracocha Inca (p.w. Mama Rondocaya)Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (p.w. Mama Anahuarqui, built the  Coricancha  and  Machu Picchu, reformed Inca society) [ruled AD 1438-1471], royal estates at Pisac,  Ollantaytambo  and Machu PicchuTopa Inca (or Tupac Inca or Topa Inca Yupanqui) (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo, first capac considered supernatural in his lifetime) [AD 1471-1493], royal estates at Chinchero and  ChoquequiraoHuayna Capac [AD 1493-1527], royal estates at Quespiwanka and Tombebamba[civil war between Huascar and Atahuallpa 1527]Huascar [AD 1527-1532]Atahuallpa [AD 1532](Inca conquered by Pizarro in 1532)Manco Inca [AD 1533]Paullu Inca Classes of Incan Society The kings of the Inca society were called  capac. Capacs could have multiple wives, and often did. Inca nobility (called  Inka) were mostly hereditary positions, although special persons could be assigned this designation.  Curacas  were administrative functionaries and bureaucrats. Caciques  were agricultural community leaders, responsible for maintenance of agricultural fields and tribute payment. Most of the society was organized into  ayllus, who were taxed and received domestic goods according to the size of their groups. Chasqui  were message runners who were essential to the Inca system of government. Chasqui traveled along the  Inca road system  stopping at outposts or  tambos  and  were said to be able to send a message 250 kilometers in one day  and to make the distance from Cusco to Quito (1500 km) within one week. After death, the  capac,  and his wives (and many of the highest officials) were mummified and kept by his descendants. Important Facts Alternate names:  Inca, Inka, Tahuantinsuyu or Tawantinsuyu (the four parts together in Quechua)Population:  Estimates widely accepted by Inca scholars range between six and 14 million within an area extending from Colombia to Chile, in 1532 when the Spanish arrived.State language:  Inca rulers adopted a form of Quechua for their administrative language  and doing so spread it into outlying areas of their empire, but the Inca incorporated many different cultures and their languages. The Inca called their form of Quechua runasimi or mans speech.Writing system:  The Inca apparently kept accounts and perhaps historical information using a  quipu, a system of knotted and dyed string; according to the Spanish, the Inca also chanted and sang historical legends and painted wooden tablets.Ethnographic sources:  Lots of ethnographic sources are available about the Inca, primarily Spanish military leaders and priests who were interested in conquering the Inca. These texts are var iously useful and often quite biased. Some few examples include  Bernabà © Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo 1653, and Relacion de las huacas, among many other reports;  Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609; Diez Gonzalez Holguin, 1608; anonymous Arte y vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru, 1586; Santo Tomas, 1560; Juan Perez Bocanegra, 1631; Pablo Joseph de Arriaga, 1621; Cristobal de Albornoz, 1582 Economics Intoxicants:  Coca, chicha (maize  beer)Markets:  A widespread trade network facilitated by open marketsCultivated crops:  Cotton, potatoes,  maize, quinoaDomesticated animals:  Alpaca,  llama,  guinea pigTribute  was paid to Cusco in goods and services; tribute tallies were kept on quipu and an annual census was kept including the number of deaths and birthsLapidary arts:  ShellMetallurgy:  Silver, copper, tin and to a lesser extent gold were cold-hammered, forged, and air-annealedTextiles:  Wool (alpaca and  llama) and cottonAgriculture:  When necessary in the steep Andean terrain, the Inca built terraces with a gravel base and stepped retaining walls, to drain excess water and allow water flow from the terrace tread to the next terrace downslope. Architecture Construction techniques used by the Inca included fired adobe mud bricks, roughly shaped stones interspersed with mud mortar, and large, finely shaped stones coated with mud and clay finishing. The shaped stone architecture (sometimes called pillow-faced) is among the finest in the world, with large stones sanded into tight jigsaw like patterns. The pillow-faced architecture was reserved for temples, administrative structures and royal residences like Machu Picchu.Many Inca military installations and other public architecture were constructed throughout the empire, at sites such as Farfà ¡n (Peru), Qara Qara and Yampara (Bolivia), and Catarpe and Turi (Chile).The Inca Road  (Capaq Ñan or Gran Ruta Inca) was built connecting the empire  and included some 8500 kilometers of major thoroughfare crossing fifteen distinct ecosystems. 30,000 kilometers of subsidiary trails branch off the main road, including the Inca Trail, which is the part that leads from Cusco to Machu Picchu. Religion Ceque system: a system of shrines and ritual pathways radiating out from the capital city of Cusco. Emphasis on ancestor worship and fictive kinship structures (ayllus).Capacocha ceremony: a state event that involved the sacrifice of objects, animals and sometimes children.Burials:  The Inca dead were mummified and placed in open sepulchers so that they could be disinterred for important annual ceremonies and other rituals.Temples/shrines  known as huacas included both built and natural structures Sources: Adelaar, W. F. H.2006  Quechua. In  Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics. Pp. 314-315. London: Elsevier Press.Covey, R. A. 2008  Multiregional Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Andes During the Late Intermediate Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400).  Journal of Archaeological Research  16:287–338.Kuznar, Lawrence A. 1999 The Inca Empire: Detailing the complexities of core/periphery interactions. Pp. 224-240 in  World-Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, production, and exchange, edited by P. Nick Kardulias. Rowan and Littlefield: Landham.McEwan, Gordon. 2006  The Incas: New Perspectives.  Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Online book. Accessed May 3, 2008.

Using Teachings of Augustine to Examine Life Essay

We who carry our mortality about with us, carry the evidence of our sin and with it the proof that you thwart the proud. (Augustine 39) This quote from the first book of Saint Augustines The Confessions is a reflection of how Augustine brought Pagan meaning to interpret Christianity as a part of his life. In fact, it has direct correlation to the Holy Bible in the first letter of Peter: God opposes the proud, but gives grace to the humble. (Peter 5:5) The parallel that lies between these two quotes is a manifestation of the parallel that lies between Augustine and Pauls theology. It is clear from readings that Augustine found Pauls theology to be a practical tool while examining his own life. Just as Augustine has utilized the†¦show more content†¦I had no regard for the person who would appease my desires; I only cared for myself. This condition of human-selfishness requires change in order for humans to turn out unselfish. Speaking in Augustinian terms: our concerns for ourselves must be redirected toward concerns for our God. As I had entered into my boyhood around the age of five or six, I noticed that my selfish human condition had grown and manifested itself into a more complex process. That urge to attain power and authority over people and things had grown stronger and more sophisticated. The desire I once had to benefit myself by crying as an infant grew into a desire to benefit myself by cheating and stealing as a young boy. One of my earliest memories as a boy is stealing from my families close friends. The part that troubles me most is the fact that I was fully aware of the healthy relationship that existed between my family and the family I stole from. The bag of quarters I stole from them was not out of hatred or vengeance; I stole because the thought of doing something illegal while getting away with it was too enticing to resist. 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Compare and Contrast Brutus and Macbeth - 1485 Words

Brutus vs. Macbeth through Power, Ambition, and Honor â€Å"Absolute power corrupts absolutely,† unless one knows how to use it, it shall not corrupt. Everyone has ambitions, a strong desire of achieving great things, and some will do whatever it takes to achieve their goal. Honor is a title one receives through their noble acts; but some honorable and strongly ambitious people may go as far as to give up their noble title to accomplish their purpose. William Shakespeare is a well-known English poet and playwright, a big participant in creating the English language. Among his twelve tragedies, two has very similar plot and tragic heroes. The play Julius Caesar is about a noble, honorable, and trusted man named Brutus, who killed his friend and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It must be by his death; and for my part,/ I know no personal cause to spurn at him,/ but for the general.† (Julius Caesar, II.i.10-12). Brutus has no other reason to kill Caesar than for the gr eater good of Rome, whereas Macbeth killed more than three people for his own benefit. Macbeth first kills Duncan to become king; then Banquo and his son to make sure that they shall not be kings, but unfortunately for him, Fleance escaped; and finally Macduff’s family, though he was mainly aiming for Macduff himself. The heroes’ ambitious deed also led them to lose everything. Aforementioned, Brutus only killed Caesar for the good of Rome. However, in allowing Mark Anthony to speak at Caesar’s funeral, Brutus made himself and the conspirators the most hated people in Rome. To have the citizens despise him was not what Brutus had planned, therefore he has lost half of what he had—admiration from the people, the meaning of his life. To make matters worse, Portia, Brutus’s noble wife, killed herself by swallowing coal. It is not known if Brutus had other family members, therefore it can safely be concluded that he had lost everything, his fame and wi fe. Macbeth falls in a similar matter, first losing his friend and relative Duncan; then his comrade in the field, Banquo; his wife; and most importantly himself. For killing countless people, Macbeth’s guilt slowly builds in him, and at his end, was exposed in theShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Between Shakesperean Tragic Heroes1386 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Shakespeare Tragic Heroes: Macbeth and Brutus Kyla Yu English 11 August 4th, 2008 William Shakespeare is a world renowned English poet and playwright famous for many tragic plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar. These two plays both contain tragic heroes with Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, and Macbeth from Macbeth. A tragic hero is defined as a protagonist of high standing with heroic or potential heroic abilities who must oppose some external or internalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Macbeth8813 Words   |  36 Pageshero was to be pitied in his fallen plight but not necessarily forgiven: Greek tragedy frequently has a bleak outcome. Christian drama, on the other hand, always offers a ray of hope; hence,  Macbeth  ends with the coronation of  Malcolm, a new leader who exhibits all the correct virtues for a king. Macbeth  exhibits elements that reflect the greatest Christian tragedy of all: the Fall of Man. In the Genesis story, it is the weakness of Adam, persuaded by his wife (who has in turn been seduced byRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesYou may choose a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable quality. Avoid mere plot summary. An American Tragedy Light in August Anna Karenina Long Day’s Journey into the Night Antigone Lord Jim Beloved Macbeth Crime and Punishment Medea Death of a Salesman Moby-Dick Ethan Frome Oedipus Rex Faust Phedre Fences Ragtime For Whom the Bell Tolls Sent for You Yesterday Frankenstein Tess of the D’Urbervilles Hedda Gabler Read MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesthe dominant mood or emotional tone of a work of art, as of a play or novel: the chilly atmosphere of a ghost story. 13. antithesis- opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction. *Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. Barry Goldwater *Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar 14. Anecdote A very short tale told by a character in a

Financial Management Syndicated Metals Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Syndicated Metals Ltd. Answer: Introduction The chosen company- Syndicated Metals Limited, is a public limited company listed on the Australian stock Exchange. The company is engaged in exploration, discovery, and acquisition of copper and gold and listed in 2007. The company did business and expansion in all possible ways. It entered into partnerships with already existing companies and benefitted the synergy. The company has a CEO. Ideally, in companies with CFOs, they report to the CEOs, but there can be only one person acting as both CFO and CEO. Large business operates with the help of CFOs. They look after the financial strategy and business health, and they carefully tame the department of finance. CFOs are very progressive with their thoughts and they help businesses to progress through all the obstacles and difficulties. As they contain a strong knowledge of finance, they enables the senior management to have a strong grasp of the real-time decisions. This ensure that the business do not suffer in the long run. Relevant duties responsibilities of CFO The duties contain financial planning, reporting and evaluation, strategy that is based for the long term perspective and short-term, investments, hedging, mergers and acquisitions, cash management, auditing and accounting. Their functions are crucial to not only success of the finances of the company but their decisions can influence the very existence and survival of the company as well (Brigham Daves, 2012). Syndicate Metals Limited does not employ a CFO. The managing director takes up all the responsibilities of that of a CFO as well as a CEO. Mr. Andrew Monckton is the Managing Director of the company. He takes up all the managerial as well as steward roles for the company. Apart from him, the board also consists of Peter Langworthy as the Non-executive Chairman of the company, David Morgan and Robert Cooper as the Non-executive directors of the company (Syndicated Metal Ltd, 2015). The major functions of a CFO include: Managing Controls functions The role of a CFO is difficult to express. The duties are subjective. He is responsible for the preparation and projection of the financial statements of a company. The main duty of the CFO is to present and report the financial information. The financial statements are of great help as it enables the company to provide relevant and useful information to the stakeholders. It is hence, imperative that accurate information is provided by the CFO because a vast planning rests on it. There are a lot of people involved, and a lot of information is required to be reported and used. It is hence important that these information are handled properly and reported without any biased. The Managing Director of Syndicate Metal Limited is also required to prepare, present and furnish, all relevant financial information of the company, which is to his knowledge true and valid. The company is a listed company. It has to report its finances to the Australian stock exchange quarterly. In addition, these interim quarterly reports are a base for determining its share prices on the Australian stock exchange (Syndicated Metal Ltd, 2015). It is very important that the numbers be furnished with integrity and care because it shall affect the fundamentals of the company in a huge way. A treasurer to the company The CFO is a treasurer to the company. He manages the money of the company. His decisions on investments and managing finances depend on what and how the expansion done. He is the trustee to the company funds. His financial vision is incorporate as the financing and investing activities of the business. More than a short term, his plans directed to benefit the company in the long-term. He thinks at a macro level and plans made with a broader perspective. The CFO decides the manner in which the funds of the company are invested considering the exposure to risk and generating returns. Moreover, the CFO of the capital structure of the company is evaluated by the CFO, determining an optimum combination of debt, equity and internal financing. The CFO is supposed to take decisions on utilisation of company funds where to invest, when to invest, how much to invest and ways of investments are his four most crucial questions that come on his way. The managing director of Syndicate Metals Limi ted is required to perform the above-mentioned duties about the companys finances. The company is engaged in mining copper and gold. Acquisition and exploration of such expensive metals is more serious business than it sounds. The company engages itself in a lot of mergers and acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures, and other forms of synergies. Selection of business collaborates and associates the profit and cost sharing ratios and the amount of money to be involved all fall under the decision-making portfolio of the managing director Andrew Munckton. These decisions are crucial because once a project is undertaken al costs incurred in anticipation of profit. One wrong decision can hurt the fundamentals of the company largely. The managing director leads the path to the companys success. All financials of the company need reporting to the Australian Stock Exchange. Their public documents are review strictly and serve purpose to numerous stakeholders. Hence, all the decision s before being executed needs through attention, a lot of pondering and technical weighing. Economic Strategies and Forecasting The role of a CFO is not limited to the past and present financial condition of the company, the fiscal future even depends on him. He must be well aware of all the risks associated. He must be able to identify and report the areas of efficiency and deficiency of a company. He needs to be versed acutely with the ways in which the company can capitalise on its efficiencies and discount on its deficiencies. This aspect of a CFOs duties contains economic forecasting and financial modelling. The CFO must be capable of predicting based on multiple, probable economic scenarios and select the best course of action in order to grant the company financial success with sustainable growth. The managing director of Syndicate Metals Limited should hence be a visionary when it comes to the companys economy. He should be capable enough of understanding all crucial fortes of the company and device ways of encasing upon the same. He should not forget that his decisions and fair play could affect en umerable people in numerous ways. Monitoring Company Performance A CFO of a company is a scorekeeper. He uses tools like the balanced scorecard, dashboards, analytical ratios, and ratio evaluation to communicate the projected and real situation of the company. He monitors the cash flow positions throughout the company, understands the sources and application of money, and maintains integrity of funds and other valuables of the company. He has the power to establish policies and ways for credit and collection, purchases and sales and all such financial obligations (Graham Smart, 2012). He understands the companys legal contract and statuary obligations. He knows all the hidden liabilities and expectations from loan covenants. The managing director of Syndicate Metals Limited should therefore be very careful about his decisions. The shareholders expect value creation and want their money to multiply. The shareholders invest money with this intention only. They want returns. In addition, the fulfilment of expectations of shareholders is the duty of the managing director. Responsibility of CFO can influence objective of the company Apart from the above mentioned duties that cover a major chunk of the CFOs functions there are some more functions associated with the CFO. He acts as a supervisor of the accounting and finance functions. He supports the accounts and financial function by framing policies and procedures. He also maintains the financial relationships. He maintains communications with investment bankers, financial analyst, and shareholders (Libby et. al, 2011). The CFO coordinates the long-term plans of the company with all the short-term plans. Maintaining shareholders relationships, keeping control records, maintenance of proper financial records and its circulation, all these are the concerns of the CFO. Apart from this he should also monitor the operational aspects. A CFO needs to be updated about all the laws and regulations concerning the company. Any change in the regulations and any update on law and its impact should be known by him. He should be well educated about any variances from the plan of action and such corrective action is taken which minimize the impact of the variances. His success shall depend on the manner the company performs in the long run and the manner of evaluation. In short, the roles and duties of CFO are multi facetted (Choi Meek, 2011). He should have full knowledge of the legal aspects concerning the company. He should be well versed of accounting and financial knowledge and should be aware of the economics concerning the company. Efficient Market Hypothesis The efficient market hypothesis opines that assets prices are base on information that is available in the market hence; it is not possible to go ahead of the market returns. Professor Eugene Fama developed the efficient market hypothesis. The professor contended that the stocks are projected at their fair value. He also held that the investors could not purchase undervalued shares or sell the overvalued ones. Hence, in no way the selection of stock can beat the market. He propagated that the only way to earn higher return is by purchasing riskier investments. However, economists on grounds of high level of uncertainty about future condemned this hypothesis (Ball, 1995). Role of pension fund manager Pension Fund Managers are responsible to ensure that pension schemes operate effectively and sustainably. A pension fund is a large pool of money that is paid by companies and individuals so to be accumulate over many years so that the benefits of the funds are reaped during the time of retirement. The pension fund managers are mostly involved in developing pensions policies and schemes that are beneficial for both the fund as well as the individuals. He also provides advice to the company (Merchant, 2012). He also supervises the overall administration of pensions schemes. Computation of performance and value of funds, providing updates to trustees, providing updates to scheme members, being an adviser to the company are few of the of a pension fund manager (Melville, 2013). Where on one hand technical analysis lays focus on the historical data and trends to predict market prices, efficient market hypothesis believes that post results cannot be used to outperform the market (Christensen, 2011). Therefore, it discounts the usage of technical analysis as a tool to generate market investment returns. Efficient Market hypothesis in relation to the fundamental analysis, states that the security prices projects all the necessary market information (Fama, 1998). Hence, fundamental analysis as a tool cannot be use to generate abnormal returns on security prices. Here, a definition of work of a fund manager is crucial. The fund management begins with an investment policy statement. For a given efficient market hypothesis, the fund management focus should not be in receiving average returns for investors. The focus should be on the theory that an average return will not be achievable. In addition, devise ways to achieve the same. A pension fund manager's focus should be on finding ways to outperform a particular threshold related to a particular investment idea (Kalpan, 2005). Here an assumption related to an investor is that no investor can reap abnormal profit. His focus is hence on devising ways to minimise costs. To attain the market rate of return, a diversification of portfolios is needed that is the job of the pension fund manage (Tanous , 1997). Hence, the job of a pension fund manager is far more crucial than it sounds. The role revolves around deciding on composition of portfolios, weighting of investments, reducing costs, increasing returns, and taking crucial decision upon the benefits and issues of the efficient Market hypothesis (Deegan, 2011). Hence, the job of a pension fund manager is not as simple as asking for a pin. References Ball, R 1995, The Theory of Stock Market Efficiency: Accomplishments and Limitations, Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 8, pp. 4-18 Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Learning. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Christensen, J 2011, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fama, E.F 1998, Market Efficiency, Long-term Returns, and Behavioral Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 49, pp. 283-306 Graham, J. Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kalpan , S.N Schoar, A 2005, Private Equity Performance: Returns, Persistence, and Capital Flows, Journal of Finance vol. 60, pp. 1795à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1823. Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Merchant, K. A 2012, Making Management Accounting Research More Useful, Pacific Accounting Review, vol. 24, no.3, pp. 1-34. Syndicated Metal Ltd 2015, Syndicated Metal Ltd Annual report 2015, viewed 9 September 2016, https://www.syndicatedmetals.com.au/reports/SMDAnnualReport2015FINAL.pdf Tanous, P 1997, Investment Gurus, New York Institute of Finance, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.1997.

In one of the biggest losses in American history, Essay Example For Students

In one of the biggest losses in American history, Essay Pearl Harbor stillstands for the sudden and deliberate attack the Japanese made on the Islandof Oahu in Hawaii on December 7th 1941. Everyone still remembers this dayin history as the only surprise attack on the United States.How comethis attack came without any knowledge to the U.S? Was there anyinformation regarding the involvement of a Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?One of the main questions; was the information deliberately withheld fromthe Commanders in the Pacific Fleet? Many speculate but no one hasanswered this question to the fullest. Only different facts and views aregiven to help with this answer. YESThe start of this controversy started in 1900 when Secretary of StateJohn Hay made two notes known as the Open Door Policy. The first not wasto provide equal access to commercial right in China for all nations. Thesecond said for all countries to respect Chinas territorial andadministrative integrity. In 1922 the restatement of the Open Door policycame onto the Nine Power Treaty agreeing to assist China in forming astable government. Japan supported the agreements because of worldwideeconomic stability this would take a turn for the worst as a worldwidedepression would reach in 1931. Japan was now looking to expand therepolitical and economic influence on China as on Sept 18th 1931 the Japanesearmy over-ran Chinese troops stationed in South Manchuria. The League ofNations condemned Japans actions and the Japanese withdrew from theLeague. President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt specificallyannounced that there would be no U.S. involvement in any military actionnot in the U.S. Then in 1937 a full scale battle broke out between Japanand China which in-turn China receiving only nonmilitary aide from the U.S. This then involved many conflicts between the U.S. and Japan regarding theinvolvement of U.S. in any stature. Japan, Germany and Italy signed theTripartite Treaty on Sept 1940. Under that treaty war with Japan, meantwith Germany and Italy. Many pressures increased on Japan when the UnitedStates froze of all Japanese assets and trade with the U.S., Great Britain,and the Netherlands, the extension of financial and military aid to Chinain concert with Great Britain and the Netherlands which started early in1941. Then more pressure came upon the Japanese when Roosevelt gaveunmistakable evidence that he was not worried about the Pacific Fleetseffects upon Japanese diplomatic decisions when he authorized the weakeningof the fleet, already inferior to that of Japan by the detachment of 3battleships, 1 Aircraft carrier, 4 light cruisers and 18 destroyers forduty in the Atlantic. A movement in which Japanese spies in Hawaii wouldcertainly notice. U.S. Cryptanalyst had much success in reading code usedby the Japanese. At the same time Japanese Cryptanalysts also had successin reading our code involving movement in our Fleets. At this point youwould suppose a military act against the U.S. in some way.Maybe not aspecific threat (Location, time ect.) but would cause an alert for militaryto be on guard for a military movement against the United States by theJapanese. Meaning not weakening forces in the Pacific leaving Pearl Harboran open area for attack. Roosevelt also knew from ongoing treaty trieswith the Japanese that this was the last straw with the Japs. Also pureevidence that the attack was happening when Ambassador Grew a politicalanalyst in Tokyo overheard a conversion with diplomatic leaders that therewill be an attack on Pearl Harbor. At first we did not know if there wouldbe an attack, or where or where. Now we have evidence that it will happen. Roosevelt still refused and Japanese involvement because of specificdetails that were excluded from Grews statement. Obviously we hadinformation regarding an attack on Pearl Harbor. Some say PresidentRoosevelt withheld information from Admiral Kimmel, the Pacific Fleetscommander, so that an attack would inevitably bring U.S. into a war withthe Japanese. The attack would then be a prelude to the defeat of the AxisPowers. Culture as the traditions we learn from our family Essay March 31, 1941 A Navy report by Bellinger and Martin predicted that if Japan made war on the US, they would strike Pearl Harbor without warning at dawn with aircraft from a maximum of 6 carriers. For years Navy planners had assumed that Japan, on the outbreak of war, would strike the American fleet wherever it was. The fleet was the only threat to Japans plans. Logically, Japan couldnt engage in any major operation with the American fleet on its flank. The strategic options for the Japanese were not unlimited. August 10 1941, the top British agent, code named Tricycle, Dusko Popov, told the FBI of the planned attack on Pearl Harbor and that it would be soon. The FBI told him that his information was too precise, too complete to be believed. The questionnaire plus the other information you brought spell out in detail exactly where, when, how, and by whom we are to be attacked. If anything, it sounds like a trap. He also repor ted that a senior Japanese naval person had gone to Taranto to collect all secret data on the attack there and that it was of utmost importance to them. The info was given to Naval IQ. I would like to know how the information was too precise. It says that Japan will attack Pearl Harbor. Too precise? September 24 1941, the bomb plot message in J-19 code from Japan Naval Intelligence to Japan s consul general in Honolulu requesting grid of exact locations of ships pinpointed for the benefit of bombardiers and torpedo pilots was deciphered. There was no reason to know the EXACT location of ships in harbor, unless to attack them it was a dead giveaway. Chief of War Plans Turner and Chief of Naval Operations Stark repeatedly kept it and warnings based on it prepared by Safford and others from being passed to Hawaii. The chief of Naval Intelligence Captain Kirk was replaced because he insisted on warning HI. It was lack of information like this that lead to the exoneration of the Hawaii commanders and the blaming of Washington for unpreparedness for the attack by the Army Board and Navy Court. At no time did the Japanese ever ask for a similar bomb plot for any other American military installation. Why the Roosevelt administration allowed flagrant Japanese spying on PH has never been explained, but they blocked 2 Congressional investigations in the fall of 1941 to allow it to continue. The bomb plots were addressed to Chief of 3rd Bureau, Naval General Staff, marked Secret Intelligence message, and given special serial numbers, so their significance couldnt be missed. There were about 95 ships in port. This and about 2 full pages of signals were received by our government. Obviously after reviewing all of this incredible information I was mind boggled from the fact that none of the Admirals in command of the Pacific fleet were informed of this information. Is it possible that other attacks on the United States could have been prevented if information had not been withheld?