Behaviorism and Gender

Making everyday decisions is an inevitable course of our daily existence. The choices we do concerning our diet, outfits, daily hygiene, companions and others seem as a normal daily routine. Thus, most of the time we seldom contemplate on the process by which we have accomplished our daily decision-making tasks. Meanwhile, different psychological theories supported the notion that every human behavior is shaped and propelled by motives and rewards such as food, money, status, and prestige (Howard and Hollander 43).Humans behave in ways for the attainment of their goals and avoidance of negative events and consequences that bring pain and suffering (Howard and Hollander 43). In this connection, humans shape their personalities in parallel with societal expectations so as to gain social acceptance (Howard and Hollander 43). In this way, the attainment of goal and avoidance of negative experiences are much assured. Hence, the development or acquisition of gender, a societal sexual persp ective, is greatly influenced by psycho-sociological factors (Howard and Hollander 43).In the early historical period of psychological disciplines, behaviorism became the backbone of psychological studies on human behavior (Howard and Hollander 43). Although contemporary theories have gone beyond the postulates of behaviorists like Skinner and Pavlov, their psychological principles served as the bases for intensive and advanced studies in the field of psychology (Howard and Hollander 43). Through studies on animal behaviors, behavioral psychologists made assumptions on perception, motivation, and learning of every individual (Howard and Hollander 43).They scrutinized every factor that affects behavioral attributes of the subject animal then applied it on their observational studies on humans (Howard and Hollander 43). Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s notion about â€Å"conditioned reflex† is a result of his studies on animal digestion (Elliot et al. 203). In his ex periments, he observed that dog produces saliva in anticipation of food. The flow of saliva in dog’s mouth was observed in response not only on the sight of food dish but also upon hearing the attendant’s sound during feeding.The dog was conditioned that seeing the attendant or hearing a bell is a signal of giving food (Elliot et al. 203). Thus, the dog salivated either in the sight of the attendant or upon hearing the bell. Pavlov called each signal as â€Å"conditioned stimulus†. He explained that the food is the â€Å"unconditioned stimulus† that elicited salivation as a response (Elliot et al. 203). At first, salivation was induced upon the sight of food. Then, the food was given simultaneously with metronome. After sometime, the metronome alone caused dog’s salivation (Elliot et al. 203). Classical Conditioning and GenderIn child rearing practices, at very young age children are conditioned on the choice of garments and toys appropriate to the ir sexes. This conditioning as absorb by the child can possibly be applied on different settings. For instance, the choice of toys based on sexes such as Barbie doll for a girl and plastic gun for a boy, would lead to the child’s discretion on the type of game or playmates he or she will involved into. This is called â€Å"stimulus generalization† wherein the conditioned behavior, the choice of toys, affected the preference for games or playmates.On the other hand, if the initial conditioning did not affect other preferences, the child then learned the process of discrimination. Through discrimination, the child has limited his or her behavior only on the â€Å"conditioned stimulus† which is the toy selection in this case. Also, the extinction of loss of conditioned stimulus’ effect on one’s behavior is possible. In Pavlov’s experiments, after several trials of presenting food to the dog without the metronome, the metronome alone did not eli cit salivation when presented (Elliot et al. 203).Hence, a child as days pass-by may lose the conditioned stimulus toy selection on his or her mind. Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner made refinements on the principles of classical conditioning and applied his psychological ideas on different human endeavors (Elliot et al. 208). He proposed the importance of reinforcement in eliciting a desired behavior and that environment has great influence in one’s behavior. In his operant conditioning, he emphasized that environment reinforces or terminates one’s behavior, thus, has the key role in understanding behavior (Elliot et al. 208).According to Skinner, behavior is a product of a three-connective processes; operation performed by the organism, inner condition, and behavioral response (Elliot et al. 208). Skinner elicited desired behaviors among his subject animals such as rats and pigeons through his operant chamber (Mayers). Later on, researchers tested the different rei nforcers and scheduling of such to facilitate the shaping of desired behavior. They found that the acquisition of desired behavior although less through partial reinforcement schedules as compared with continuous reinforcement, but produced more extinction resistance (Mayers).Moreover, punishment applied to achieve the desired behavior or to terminate a particular behavior, even though has negative consequences, but effective when immediately and consistently given (Mayers). Operant Conditioning and Gender Behavioral theorists suggested that every creature regardless of race, societal status, sex and profession is governed by the same behavioral principles (Howard and Hollander 44). In terms of behaviorism, the development of gender could be possibly explained by making a notion that gender differences and similarities are behavioral consequences (Howard and Hollander 44).Experiments can be designed to elicit gender behavioral patterns of both males and females through different rei nforcement pattern. In behavioral perspectives, men and women could be either aggressive or nurturing if they are awarded or punished in such behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Then, through field studies, behaviorists can assess environmental factors influencing men or women and yield plausible explanation for the behavioral effects of these factors (Howard and Hollander 44). Through conditioning process, the gender can be imparted into the child’s mind either unconsciously or purposively.The type of garments or toys given to the child may embark into his or her mind some restrictions on the things he or she can be used. In addition, some parents either directly or indirectly, inculcate a male child to imitate his father’s behavior, action, and style while a female child to be like her mother. By conforming to these parental expectations, the child gains positive reinforcements from his or her parents that strengthen his or her behavior. With these, the child may for m his or her early conceptions of gender role and stereotypes. Criticisms on Conditioning TheoryEven though many studies have been conducted to support the conditioning theory of gender development, these are mostly conducted with animals (Naik). In 1984, K. Boulding contended the Skinner’s generalization about the applicability of the principles drawn from animal studies into complex behavior of humans (Naik). He suggested that more studies with human participants must be conducted in order to prove the validity of Skinner’s postulates. While Skinner’s operant conditioning has been recognized in neurosis and phobia therapy, but still insufficient to explain complex human attributes such as language and memory (Naik).In line with this, M. E. P. Seligman proposed that aside from classical and operational conditioning, genetic preparedness has a crucial role in the development of behavioral characteristics (Naik). This third factor associates a particular reinforc er or stimulus to a certain response. He further argued that most behaviorist have utilized unprepared sets of stimulus like shock and light, provided less input for the association process, then created generalization of unprepared behavioral output applicable to general cases (Naik).Therefore, even if the behaviorist’s principles are valid with respect to their sets of unprepared stimulus in laboratory experiments, but still insufficient to provide plausible explanations for prepared behaviors (Naik). Nonetheless, Seligman cited the work of Rozin and Garcia (1971) wherein rats were given with sweetened water as flash of lights and noise were applied simultaneously (Naik). Then, the subjects were treated with X-rays to induce illness and nausea. After several hours, rats became ill and develop aversion with sweetened water but not with noise or light (Naik).According to Seligman genetic predispositions led to the aversion of rats with anything that may cause illness on their part (Naik). Conditioned Emotional Reactions The Little Albert Study In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner tested the following in their experimental study: developing and conditioning an infant to fear an animal through loud and fearing sound; the possibility to develop fear to other animals or objects through the conditioned fear; and the time duration of the conditioned fear (Brain 135). Waston and Reyner selected a healthy and unemotional, around nine-month old child named Albert B.as subject of their study (Brain 135). At the start, Albert has no fear in dealing with animals and other objects. When a metal bar is struck by a claw hammer behind him, Albert develops fear. After two-month observation with Albert, Watson and Reyner conditioned him to develop fear with a white rat by a loud clanging sound, produce by the metal bar and claw hammer, as he touches the rat (Brain 135). After seven trials of rat and noise pairing, fear was developed with Albert as the rat was presen ted alone (Brain 135).Then, after five days, the rat, a rabbit, a sealskin coat, the heads of Watson and his assistants, a shorthaired dog, a Santa Claus mask, a package of white cotton, and wooden blocks were presented to Albert. He showed strong fear with the rat, sealskin coat, dog and rabbit, and a mild fear response with cotton (Brain 136). On the other hand, Albert did not develop fear with the mask, Watson’s hair, and wooden blocks (Brain 135). Five more days later, the rat, dog, and rabbit each paired with a loud noise were again presented to Albert but he has only showed slight reaction for each stimulus (Brain 136).Finally, after thirty-one days, the rat, dog, rabbit, sealskin coat, and Santa Claus mask were again presented to Albert. Watson and Reyner found out that although Albert still showed fear on these things, he manifested tendency to touch each object (Brain 136). Evaluation and Criticisms The â€Å"Little Albert Study† provided an empirical basis fo r Watson’s theory on the development of emotion and behavior (Brain 137). Watson proved through this experiment that emotional responses can be conditioned and learned.He concluded that phobias are conditioned responses that probably an original fear with a particular stimulus which has been transferred to another object in the duration of time (Brain 137). Similarly with Sigmund Freud, Watson believed that adult personality is significantly influenced by childhood early experiences (Brain 137). However, his work was criticized on the ground that emotional responses are qualitative attributes that can be hardly measured (Brain 137). In addition, since they only have a single subject in their experiment, principles that are valid for general cases may not plausibly be drawn from the results of their study.Since, there was no follow-up studies after Albert has leaved the hospital, the effects on conditioning made were not determined, thus, Watson’s notion on early childh ood experiences and behavioral development lacked definite proof (Brain 137). Moreover, ethical issues have been imputed with Watson’s works for he manipulated Albert by purposively creating fearing situations (Brain 137). He failed therefore to consider the spontaneous development of behavior through natural settings. Analysis and ConclusionBehaviorists were criticized for their notion that every organism follows similar norms as dictated by their conditioning principles (Mayers). At present, it is an accepted psychological truth that conditioning principles are governed by cognition and hindered by biological factors (Mayer). In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the subject animal learned to anticipate for an â€Å"unconditioned stimulus† however, animals have biological attributes in learning associations like recognition of poisonous food through smell association (Mayers).Thus, behavior is not only elicited through external stimulus such as bell (Mayers). Be haviorists found that animal behavior can be shaped through reinforcement or the association of a response behavior with eliciting positive or negative stimulus (Howard and Hollander 44). They suggested that this principle as applied on humans could possibly provide clear behavioral explanations (Howard and Hollander 44). As applied on humans, behavioral theorists proposed that consequences of actions could provide understanding of the behavior of an individual (Howard and Hollander 44).This could be done by relating an action with the consequences of a similar action done in the past. Further, behaviorists believed that if in the past experiences, actions of an individual created rewards and punishments (Howard and Hollander 44). Actions that were rewarded are tended to be repeated in the present time while actions associated with punishments are avoided (Howard and Hollander 44). However, behavioral theorists have only considered behavior and neglected thoughts and emotions.Accord ing to them, thoughts, emotions or feelings are not behavioral determinants but are just by-products of the environmental effects on one’s behavior (Howard and Hollander 44). Cognitive and constructive psychologists criticized Skinner for he has given value on the external control of behavior and underestimated the cognitive and biological precepts (Mayers). For instance, contemporary studies on learning and motivation revealed the crucial role of cognition and physiological brain processes.Nevertheless, operant principles were deemed to control people, thus, led to ethical issues (Mayers). Nowadays, Skinner’s psychological notions are applied for success reinforcement in different fields (Mayers). Through operant conditioning, a desired behavior is produced by giving positive reinforcements while a behavior is terminated by applying punishing stimulus. Based on the above discussions, the process of socialization has a crucial role on gender acquisition and development . Through socialization process, an individual learns the societal norms and mores.The agents of socialization such as family, educational institution, peers, and media reflect and even dictate conditioned gender stereotypes that an individual must conform with; otherwise leads to societal ridicule. In line with this, gender stereotypes shaped masculinity as an individual’s ability to control themselves on emotional situations whenever necessary especially within the workplace and even in their sexual relationships (Lothstein 212-214). Thus, has influenced male behaviors as being competitive, assertive, independent, assertive, confident, tough, often angered and violent.With these characteristics on hand, males must keep in mind to evade having feminine characteristics such as being expressive on their thoughts, emotional, vulnerable and intimate in avoidance of societal ridicule (Lothstein 212-214). In the society, being feminine is traditionally described as â€Å"nurturin g, supportive, and assigning high priority to one's relationships† (Lothstein 212-214). Also, females are expected to avoid manly behaviors like being competitive, assertive and often angry and violent (Lothstein 212-214).Therefore, behaviorism views may not suffice to provide a plausible explanation for the development and acquisition of gender. Unlike the subjects of the behavioral psychologists in their laboratory experiments, humans are exposed to the different socio-cultural factors that spontaneously affect behavioral attributes. Hence, behavioral theories should be incorporated with other contemporary theories on gender such as psychoanalytic, psychosocial, social-cognitive, biological, and schema theory for a better perspective on gender acquisition and development. Works CitedBrain, Christine. â€Å"Advanced Subsidiary Psychology: Approaches and Methods. † UK: Nelson Thornes, 2000. Elliot, Stephen N. , Kratochwill, Thomas R. , Cook, Joan Littlefield, and Traver s, John F. â€Å"Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, 3rd Ed. † Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, 2000. Howard, Judith A. and Hollander, Jocelyn. â€Å"Gendered Situations, Gendered Selves: A Gender Lens on Social Psychology. † Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Altamira, 1997. Lothstein, Leslie Martin. â€Å"Female-to-Male Transsexualism. † Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul plc, 1983Mayers, David G. â€Å"Psychology, 8th Ed. † 2006. Worth Publishers. 9 January 2009 . Naik, Payal. â€Å"Behaviorism as a Theory of Personality: A Critical Look. † August 1998. Personality Papers. 9 January 2009 < http://www. personalityresearch. org/papers/naik. html>.

Economics and Prostitution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1551 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Society Essay Tags: Prostitution Essay Did you like this example? Prostitution has constantly confounded the psyches of individuals for a considerable length of time. Steady endeavors to tackle this current issue have not by any means given any positive outcomes. For quite a while the issue was clearly disregarded by the administration as though it totally did not recognize what to do with it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economics and Prostitution" essay for you Create order In the start of the XXI century a whore has turned out to be a standout amongst the most standard products that the market can offer. It is likewise important to say that the request on prostitution is continually becoming because of a few elements worth of isolated investigation. Prostitution has dependably been secured from the eyes of natives as is has dependably been inadmissible. By the by, the issue does not vanish, and it turns out to be considerably sharper with time. Obviously, it is less demanding to imagine like there is no huge measure of ladies and men that have no other method to survive however offering sexual administrations. Essentially, the Law of Canada has not done anything sufficient to take care of the issue in any capacity, apart from causing dubiousness in the comprehension of what is lawful and unlawful as far as sexual administrations. Prostitution has a great deal to do with the economy, as it isnt just its dim side yet in addition the potential lawful pay, which is constantly required to such an extent. So, what is prostitution? Does it require conservative incitement, or would it be a good idea for it to be totally disallowed or disregarded? Furthermore, should the prudent approach be utilized to prostitution by any means? Prostitution isnt and will never be a standard employment and this is something that will be always remembered. The most astonishing thing about prostitution is that it has turned out to be not only an approach to profit for starving and vagrants yet in addition a profession open door for the youthful age. For what reason do our youngsters need to grow up with the thought that prostitution is a wellspring of getting cash and making due in this world? The contemporary world lives under specific regularities. A man needs to land a position that will give him or her an adequate measure of cash with a specific end goal to keep up an ordinary living. So, if a man does not have enough learning to land either position he or she generally has another open door to prostitute himself or herself. Prostitution as a crude was of profiting; it is an issue that keeps the public from its flawlessness and advancement. Prostitution is clearly a negative wonder, dispiriting the public however is has really turned into an occupation for some people and this reality cant stay unnoticed. Prostitution does exist and it an unchallengeable truth. It existed since antiquated circumstances in various nations, with various social-political statuses. A whore is a man who gives sexual administrations in return to cash. As such it is a man who offers sex and gets paid for it. All things considered, none of the general population giving this kind of administrations are playing out a business movement. It is generally trusted that whores are ladies; by the by men have an essential influence in prostitution as a question of appeal, as well. In any case it is difficult to give a definition to prostitution as a calling, since whores dont pay assesses and dont get any annuity while on retirement. Prostitution isnt unlawful in Canada and this reality places it in an extremely dubious position as far as conceivable profession openings for the youthful age. It is legitimate to offer administrations, yet it is unlawful to get themthis announcement makes numerous individuals puzzled. On e thing is sure without a doubt: prostitutionis a demonstration of offering a mans body for assist sexual administrations for material pay. Picking prostitution as a calling isnt normal. Indeed, it brings wage and the request is constantly high. Be that as it may, what will a whore stay with at the limit of the annuity age? This is one reason that numerous individuals, for example, the criminologist Dr. John Lowman contend for its legalization1. Prostitution is considered as a potential wellspring of recharging the financial plan of Canada. Yet, there are additionally different purposes behind not turning into a whore except for the duty benefits side of the issue. A significant number of the whores just vanish and frequently turn into the casualties of savagery. As indicated by the insights 90 percent had been physically attacked in prostitution and 78 percent had been assaulted in prostitution2. Whores dont get the security the agents of standard callings do. They can likewise be the reason for spreading of venereal illnesses because of the reality of nonattendance of a legitimate therapeutic checkup. This perils place prostitution in the situation of the hazard zone occupation. Nobody will contend that picking an occupation with high dangers isnt objective in any way. Prostitution is lawful in Canada. Be that as it may, it is formally, claiming pimping and working or being found in or working in an indelicate house (each place where at least one whores frequently work or where revolting acts are performed) are not3. Criminal Code areas 210 and 211 deny Off color houses and segment 212 anticipates duty regarding living on the profits of the prostitution of a man. By what method should the sparing methodology be connected to prostitution? Canadas Justice has set prostitution in a place where is must be done in specific spots with no exposure or as it were it needs to regard the ethical projections of the public. If prostitution is to be a sort of calling than it is put on a similar level with different citizens, for example, instructors, legal counselors and numerous others. The use of the sparing methodology implies that prostitution needs to have a legitimate status. SO, this influences us to see prostitution as a business. A business movement is an autonomous action coordinated to a precise pay entry from property utilize, offering merchandise, work execution or rendering administrations enlisted and expressed by Law. So, prostitution is a methodical salary acquired from rendering an administra tion. Prostitution gets the likelihood to exist wrongfully from the holes in the Law and the Canadian Law with its semi-legitimization does not make it less demanding to characterize the status of prostitution in the nation. If prostitution is lawful than whores must be 18 years of age and have the privilege to medicinal and government disability. In the meantime, they need to pay the month to month wage impose, which will make the calling less gainful, at that point it is presently. The existence of prostitution in Canada still can be clarified shape the purpose of the financial approach for Canada has a market-based economy. As per the monetary approach both sides must be in benefit. Request brings forth supply and, in this term, prostitution is only the response of the popularity of sexual administrations. So, it is about the profound quality of the public in any case. Outsiders ought to be totally wiped out from this arrangement. These outsiders, known as pimps or even sex-firms are the ones to be mistreated. Sex-laborers have turned into a fundamental piece of Canadas public and they even shape collusions, for example, the Sex Workers Alliance of Vancouver. The measure of cash acquired from prostitution is huge, so in this manner the monetary allowance is left with no extra financing. There are just two courses outeither to totally authorize it dispensing with road prostitution or to totally deny it. Prostitution has expanded in the most recent years in Cana da. This has a ton to do with the sex-vacationers touching base to Canada hunting down sexual administrations. This implies Canada is getting remote stores that go to no place. Prostitution can be found in Canadas each corner and particularly in its fundamental cities4. Its existence is molded by numerous components. Canada is putting forth authorized sex however for reasons unknown the holes in the law implementations are big to the point that it is totally difficult to see them. As a rule, prostitution is the main choice of a man and the response of the administration ought not be through the authorization of this alternative but rather in the formation of different choices of not too bad cash making. The monetary approach clarifies the existence of prostitution because any nation is a major commercial center and is occupied with benefit in any case and Canada in not a special case. The imparting law isnt successful any longer. Prostitution should be investigated from each side and needs another origination of working if working by any means. The monetary approach application does not infer that the benefit is made on the debasement of the public. Whats m ore, clearly if the sex-specialists had instruction, a work environment and a conventional compensation they could never have wound up on the board and could be their work would have brought a greater pay for the financial plan. Canada needs to change the monetary way to deal with the human approach and study everything concerning the prostitution for new. Work Citing: Dr. John Lowman: Canada is to the slave trade what Japan is to the whaling industry. Information taken from www. LifeSiteNews.com

The Poet At Seven By Donald Justice - 1194 Words

When a reader initially reads Donald Justice’s â€Å"The Poet at Seven,† he or she might take the easy route and conclude it for what it says, only. If this method were taken, the poem’s presumed plot would have been taken quite literally: the poet is reminiscing about his childhood memories; the poem is sweet, simple, and nostalgic. However, poems are not that simple. They are complex riddles, full of hidden meaning. To truly shed light on Justice’s purpose of the poem, it is necessary to look at the â€Å"what-if’s† through its intricate designs of language. The poem’s form is an important start when close reading. Also, to discern the hidden meaning, it is important to consider the specific word choice and how it paints a picture inside the reader’s mind. As a result, the reader will grasp the poem’s true intention. By doing this, the reader will sincerely have an understanding of â€Å"The Poet at Seven,† the w ay Justice probably would have wanted. To begin the steps of interpreting what Justice has to say, it is crucial to analyze the poem as a whole. â€Å"The Poet at Seven† is a sonnet, but not the typical type of sonnet; the type of poetry that Justice applied is called a Petrarchan sonnet. Rhymes are used starting with the first line, later pairing it with line four, and so forth. Justice even expertly applied sight rhymes, words that look like they rhyme, but technically don’t, with the words â€Å"come† and â€Å"home.† It succeeded, just like every other factor in the text. â€Å"The Poet atShow MoreRelatedBob Dylans Impact on Pop Culture1515 Words   |  7 Pagesincessant touring; such as ‘The Never Ending Tour’ of June 1988 established a new type of touring and a new vessel for mass communication of music. [Various Authors, 2001] He changed from an initially young folk audience yearning for protest songs and justice to a more commercial rock audience. 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Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1403 Words

1. In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, there are three major references in the play that explain Ibsen’s thoughts on both gender and societal roles for when of the past and present; these three references are to dolls, to animals such as skylarks and squirrels, and to children. Nearing the end of the story, Nora reveals that she feels similarly towards Torvald as she did to her father: â€Å"But our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls† (67) Ibsen’s reference to Nora being a doll demonstrates the limited lives of women during this time; it shows that women weren’t meant to have their own lives; a man should control them in order to survive. Throughout the play, Torvald continuously refers to Nora as his â€Å"little squirrel† or his â€Å"little skylark† (2). Ibsen uses these references to symbolize the inferiority of w omen and superiority of men during the 19th century. Similarly, Torvald as refers to Nora as being like a child, also pointing to the fact that societal roles during that time meant that women were seen as helpless without the guidance of a man. 2. When Nora obeys to Torvald’s demands and says, â€Å"Whatever you do is always right† he responds by saying, â€Å"Now my little lark’s talking like a human being.† This shows that Torvald’s definition of â€Å"human† is strictly based on what is deemed â€Å"normal† in society. During the 19th century, it was expected for women,Show MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Vict orian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†

Epiphany Free Essays

Who I Am As a child I grew up telling myself and everyone else that I never wanted to get married and have children. I watched my mother get married and divorced twice and seen what kind of pain that inflicted on her and us kids. I thought that I would be a better person if I stayed single and didn’t have any kids to worry about. We will write a custom essay sample on Epiphany or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course I fell in love early in adulthood and decided to have children. A few years later my fear f becoming like my mother in the aspect of marriage, divorce and having kids came alive. I felt like such a fool for allowing that to happen to me. Usually by the time I get home from work and picking up the kids, It Is late and I do not feel like taking the time to actually cook a meal. One evening we got home earlier than we usually do so I decided to fix dinner, sit down and actually eat as a family. I can remember myself standing In front of the stove thinking of the frustrating long day of work I had, getting aggravated because the kids were running around the souse. The kids were playing and being loud which Is what a 4 year old boy and 4 year old girl would do. Then It suddenly becomes quiet and Patrick comes to me and says â€Å"Mommy, you know what? † I say with an annoyed tone of voice â€Å"What Patrick? † He says â€Å"your superman. † I picked him up and gave him a big hug. In that moment I realized that out of all that has happened to me In my life, I am truly grateful that I have my children and that I am actually a better person because God brought them Into my life. How to cite Epiphany, Papers

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Example For Students

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Essay Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear that conservative legislators and policy makers will use the clinical data to justify mandatory testing and treatment for pregnant women. During the latter part of February, the United States Public Health Services published guidelines for HIV pregnant women in the Federal Register. Which coincidentally was published on the same day as the National Conference in Washington, DC for HIV infection in women: Setting a New Agenda. The conference included activists, physicians and HIV positive women who used the meeting as a forum to voice their concerns about how best to balance womens own medical needs with those of their infants. Other concerns of activists that were voiced were that they dont want laws, policies or medical care imposed on women merely as vectors who may transmit HIV to their infants. The new guidelines recommend that all pregnant women should receive HIV counseling and testing. These guidelines are aimed at helping pregnant women know their HIV status early so that medical care, including zidovudine (Retrovir, known as AZT, Burroughs Welcome Co. , Research Triangle Park, NC), can be made available. The new guidelines also reiterate previous federal health advisories that say counseling should precede HIV testing. Physicians and other health professionals who counsel women should be well informed about the complex issues that face HIV infected pregnant women, according to the guidelines. This information should include about all of their reproductive options. Women should also be advised that in order to help reduce prenatal HIV transmissions HIV infected women in the United States should not breast feed their infants. The guidelines further states that all HIV testing should be voluntary for women and their infants. Also, all decisions about AZT use should be made by the HIV infected pregnant woman in a non coercive atmosphere and based on a balance of the benefits an potential risks of the regimen to herself and her child. The guidelines also state that women who are infected or refuse testing must not be denied medical care, reported to child protective agencies, or discriminated against in any way. The center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. reports that as of December 31, 1994, there were 58,448 women with AIDS in the United States. Nearly one fourth of the total were reported in 1994 alone. AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death in US women ages 25 to 44 and in 15 major United States cities. In 1993, the CDC estimated that 7,000 HIV infected women gave birth in this country, in other words, about one in every 625 women who gave birth that year was HIV positive. The rate of mother to child transmission rate ranged from 15% to 30%, which is estimated that there were as many as 2,000 HIV infected infants born in the United States in 1993. Much of the controversy centers on AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) protocol 076. In the 2 year study, 239 of the 477 HIV infected women enrolled received AZT during pregnancy and delivery. Their infants received the drug for six weeks. At 18 months, 8. A good man is hard to find ana Essay3% of the infants in the treatment group vs. 25.5 % of the controls were infected. Evidence based on every analysis that has been done of the outcomes to date shows that this is a prevention breakthrough, said Wanda Jones, DrPH, acting associate director of CDCs office of Womens Health. Activists believe that the data is incomplete and should not be used as the basis for federal guidelines. They wanted to know the effects AZT might have on the estimated 75% of infants who are born to HIV positive mothers but dont seroconvert, and whether a pregnant woman who takes AZT early in the course of infection will still benefit from the drug later, when she is sicker. They also wanted to know what the long term effects may be if women take AZT during multiple pregnancies, and whether ACTG 076 showed a correlation between high maternal viral load and the likelihood of transmission. A few small studies, including one from New York State Health Department, are beginning .

Monetary policies in Mexico

One of the most striking features of the economic history of Mexico is the persistent instability in prices that has been witnessed for a considerably long period of time due to ineffective monetary policies. Reliable statistics from the World Bank indicate that variability in pricing index coupled with high inflation rates in Mexico has been a recurring phenomenon (par.2).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Monetary policies in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the living standard in this nation as reflected by worsening income distribution, sharp wage declines, instabilities in business performance indices as well as low economic growth among other indicators have negatively contributed towards the unfavorable economic well being of Mexico. Since the 1990s, monetary policies in Mexico have been formulated and implemented with the aim of monitoring and regulating exchange rate systems. Nonetheless, most of these policies have not yielded positive economic outcomes as expected. Lorà ­a and Jorge posit that economic failures been demonstrated in major outbreaks of inflation and in the devaluation of the Mexican peso when exchanged against the US dollar (840). However, as this paper analyzes, monetary policies, exchange rate regimes that are flexible and inflation targeting approaches have been set in place by the Banco de Mexico to stabilize the economy since the crisis of 1995. It is against this backdrop that this paper offers a critical look at monetary policies and exchange rates in Mexico in relation to the United States dollar. Mexico and its economic background from early 1990’s Reports by the World Bank obtained from the 2010 Census indicate that the present day Mexico has a population of 113,432,047 people and a GDP of $ 1,034,804,491,256 (The World Bank par.1) . The country has been documented as one of the largest and fast growing economies in the world. However, since the early 1990’s, Mexico has grappled with economic instabilities due to poor monetary policy regimes. Risso and Edgar are categorical that until 1990, the economic policies in Mexico were regarded as strong protectionist policies that had trade barriers for automotive and computer industries among other key industries (246). For instance, in 1995, a major financial crisis springing from complex political, economic and financial factors struck the Mexican economy and caused a major economic instability. The episodes of instability among other factors paved way for the formation of proposals favoring exchange rate regimes to stabilize the economy.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the proposals that gained ground included setting up a strategy to improve the monetary policy using exchange regime rates which are flexible and adoptin g dollarization or making the dollar a legal tender. Another option that was set at that time was to increase its integration with Canada and the United States of America. Figure 1: A figure showing the GDP to dept ratio in Mexico Source: https://noelmaurer.typepad.com/aab/economics/ Lorà ­a and Jorge argue that the Mexican economy was subjected to persistent variation and high inflation rates after the crisis that damaged its capacity to attain better standards of economic growth (839). The previously set policy of fixed rate regime was abandoned by the government and a floating exchange rate regime was adopted. Within six months, the currency in Mexico took a 50% nose dive and the recession in the country deepened in late 1990, the Mexican Peso began depreciating steadily causing exports to increase and import prices to rise. This turned Mexican economy to be export-based and therefore benefitting industries, softening devaluation but hurting emerging middle class and poorest s egments. Changes over-time After the 1995 crisis, the trajectory measure that the government in Mexico had adopted was the flexible exchange rate system which was used to maintain better economic results to the year 2000.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Monetary policies in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, some of the monetary steps that were taken by Mexican government had major positive impacts to the economy in spite of the fact that there were myriad of challenges that were faced in course of the monetary reform process. Risso and Edgar posit that by using the flexible exchange rate regime, inflation rate that was 52% took fell to a low of 9% (246). Indeed, this was a clear proof that this was the best regime in the monetary policy in Mexico. However, economic analysts posit that that drop was not satisfactory when viewed from the perspective of price stability and inflat ion rates in other countries. The government then adopted the floating exchange rate system regime that had been initiated in 1994 after the Mexican Peso crashed. In 1996, mechanisms were set by the Banco de Mexico to target and capture foreign reserves for exchange rates. This led to acquisition of more foreign reserves which gave the country revenues from petroleum. The latter action led to significant improvement of overall economic conditions in Mexico and assisted it in paying its debts. The country had been heavily suffering from external debts prior to this grand economic plan. The country’s current monetary policy is a floating exchange rate regime. The latter policy has been hailed by the World Bank arguing out that in 2007, it made Mexico’s international reserves to stand at US$ 75.8 billion (par. 4). Ettinger is of the opinion that through this policy, the government and Banco de Mexico began a monthly auction program that traded US dollars with an intention of reducing heavy reliance on petroleum to stabilize the economy and raise the level reserves (729). As a matter of fact, Mexico had been spending mammoth sums of its reserve currency in the importation of crude oil. It is imperative to note that in the period 1998-2008 and 1998-2004, Mexico traded its Peso with the US$ at a range from $8.46 MXN to $11.66 MXN per USD$ 1.00 respectively. This period of ten years 1998-2008 saw the depreciation of Mexican Peso by about 38.18% (Bahmani-Oskooee  and  Scot 1019). During the acceleration of the credit crisis in the US in 2008 to the global financial crisis, the Peso has fluctuated from lows of $10.96 MXN to $15.42 per USD$1.00. Other exchange rate trends are shown in the figure below:Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 3: A figure showing exchange rate trend in Mexico Conclusion To sum up, it is imperative to reiterate that inflation in Mexico has been a major problem that has impacted on the living standards of the population in the country. Studies and credible statistics from the World Bank have pointed out that the major source of persistent inflation has been predetermined monetary policies and unstable exchange rates which have not been strategized to meet the objectives of stabilizing the general level of prices. However, monetary reforms like dollarization and modifying monetary policies can create stability in investments, foreign trade and prices as already discussed in the paper. On a final note, it is also worth to mention that both exchange rates and inflation levels do affect the overall performance of an economy. Works Cited Bahmani-Oskooee,  Mohsen  and  Hegerty, Scott.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Effects of Exchange-rate Volatility on Commodity Trade Between the United States and Mexico†.  Southern Economic Journal  75.4  (2009):  1019-1044. Print. Ettinger,  Aaron.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Globalizers†. International Journal  62.3  (2007):  728-730. Print. Lorà ­a,  Eduardo  and  Ramà ­rez,  Jorge. â€Å"Inflation, Monetary Policy and Economic Growth in Mexico. An Inverse Causation, 1970-2009†.  Ã‚  Modern Economy  2.5  (2011):  834- 845. Print. Risso, Adrià ¡n and  Sà ¡nchez Carrera, Edgar.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Inflation and Mexican Economic Growth: Long-run Relation and Threshold effects†.  Ã‚  Journal of Financial Economic Policy  1.3  (2009):  246.  Print. The World Bank. Mexico. 2012. Web. https://data.worldbank.org/country/mexico. This research paper on Monetary policies in Mexico was written and submitted by user Changel1ng to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.